• A robot that runs with the three robotic laws, as a sort of assistant to certain tasks. The technical design philosophy of such a robot assistant is equal to what is described above. The user gives commands to the assistant which he must understand and implement. This requires a “high” semantic communication between the user and the assistant. Moreover, the robot must have a good repeatable and predictable features. That is difficult in an unstructured environment.

• A manipulator that no robot can be named because together with the user as an acting unit he should be considered. Task, job, planning and collision avoidance by the useing real-time. The eyes of the user and the interpretation of what he sees replace optical sensors and interpretation software. Interpretation of an image requires recognition of the environment and objects therein. This requires either a “technical software moderate” or a “human” virtual world model. Man today it is far superior. This approach gives the user free rein to his creativity as it functions in real-time spot can think and execute. Drawback is the slowness of control because the level of movement takes place and not “abstract task” level (as in the robot: make dinner). All movements should be sent with weak finger or eye movement.

• The combination of robot and manipulator: A manipulator can remember and redo the tasks. Advantage is the acceleration of the movement of already learned tasks. The disadvantage is the extensive language between the user and the robot at different semantic levels (complex and simple movement task). Also the the robot must have higher mechanical precision because he lacks the feedback from the user. And also potential conflicts between the virtual world of the user and the robot.

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The term robot was popularized with the success of the play RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots), written by Karel Capek in 1920. In the English translation of this work, the Czech word robota, meaning forced labor, was translated into English as a robot.

History of Robotics

The history of robotics has been linked to the construction of “artifacts” that tried to embody the human desire to create beings in his likeness and download it work. The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo (GAP) (who built the first remote control for cars by telegraphy without wire, the chess machine, the first air shuttle and many other mills) coined the term “automatic” in relation to the theory of automating tasks traditionally associated with humans.

Karel Capek, a writer Czech, coined in 1921. the term “Robot” in his play “Rossum’s Universal Robots / RUR” from the word Czech robota , which means servitude or forced labor. Robotics is the term coined by Isaac Asimov, defining the science of robots. Asimov also created the Three Laws of Robotics . In science fiction, man has imagined the robots visiting new worlds, gaining power, or simply relieving the house work.

Classification of robots:

According to the chronology this is the most common classification:
Generation 1.
Manipulators. They are multifunctional systems with a simple mechanical control system, either manual or fixed sequence of variable sequence.
Generation 2.
Robots are learning. Repeat a sequence of movements that has been previously executed by a human operator. The way to do this is through a mechanical device. The operator performs the required movements while the robot remains and stores.
Generation 3.
Sensorised control robots. The controller is a computer running a program, orders and sends them to the handler to perform the necessary movements.
Generation 4.
Intelligent robots. Similar to above but also have sensors that send information to the control computer on the status of the process. This allows them intelligent decision-making and control of real time processing.

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Automotive engineering is the broad field of study that makes this technology and innovation possible. The core components of automotive engineering include design and performance, drivetrain engineering, engine combustion, engine tribology, mechanical engineering and vehicle dynamics.

Today’s automotive engineers are specialists who study a diverse array of subjects, which include aerodynamics, crash safety, handling, power generation and suspension. Some automotive engineers have a high-level focus and instead specialize in the relationships between the various components of a modern automobile.

Using computers and advanced software, the automotive engineer can model an entire automobile and then simulate the vehicle’s behavior. By swapping out whole components, such as engines, brakes, suspensions, tires and transmissions, the engineer can efficiently assess how those changes would affect the performance and safety of the vehicle. Engineers also use computers in the cars themselves to control various aspects of the design.

Our understanding of automotive technology is constantly expanding and becoming more complex. Automotive engineers and the science of automotive engineering will be at the forefront of efforts to integrate electric power and to improve safety, performance and fuel economy in the years ahead.

Most of the advances in aerodynamics have come from the study of flying vehicles and to a lesser extent, ground vehicles. With the use of testing such as wind tunnels and computer simulations, vehicles can now be designed and tested using aerodynamic principles. The ultimate goal of the use of aerodynamics in vehicle design is to improve speed, stability and efficiency. Since aerodynamics involves both air and the vehicle moving through it, researchers can study advancements from two basic approaches. First, they can try to understand how air flows around a vehicle as it moves at different speeds. Secondly, they can focus on how to design a vehicle to optimize a specific characteristic.

The most portable robot is the Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle (SUGV). It was developed by Boeing and iRobot as a surveillance robot. It uses treads for locomotion and weighs less than 30 pounds. Any soldier can carry the SUGV and its remote controls in one backpack. It can be fitted with cameras, laser range finders and chemical detection systems. Its ability to travel in confided spaces such as tunnels and pipes allows the SUGV to go places the smallest of soldiers could not enter. The SUGV’s tread locomotion system also allows it to climb stairs. The Army uses it for urban warfare operations. Several US public safety organizations use them as well.

SUGVs protect soldiers and first responders from harm by gathering situation awareness without exposing people to the dangers of combat front lines or public safety operations such as fires, hostage situations and hazardous materials accidents.

Identification of the problem.

Preliminary ideas .

Improvement.

Analysis.

Decision.

Realization.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM :
It is important in any construction activity to give a clear definition of objectives
order to have a goal towards which to direct all efforts. The identification of
need of a design can be based on data from several types : statistics , interviews,
historical data , personal observations , experimental data or projections
concepts.
To define is to set limits , is to delineate the scope of the problem and the solution is
searching . Is to indicate what you want to do and where not want to go. Define a
problem is the most complicated in the design process, a mistake at this point
represents a huge mistake at the end.
This can be achieved as follows :
Understanding the problem : conducting interviews , reports.
Data collection: surveys, measurements .
Analyzing data : hypothesis testing , cause-effect relationships .
Formulation of the problem : the best way to summarize everything found .
PRELIMINARY IDEAS :
Once that has been defined and fixed the problem clearly, is necessary to collect
Preliminary ideas which can assimilate the concepts of design. This is
probably the most creative in the design process. Since the phase
problem identification only general limitations have been established , the designer
you can let your imagination be free to consider any idea that comes to mind. These
ideas should not be evaluated in terms of feasibility , since they are treated with the hope
that a positive attitude and encourages other ideas associated with a chain reaction . The
most useful way to develop preliminary ideas is the freehand drawing .
IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROBLEM :
The stage of development is the first step in the evaluation of the preliminary ideas and
rather focuses on the analysis of the constraints. All drawings, sketches and
notes are reviewed, combined and refined to obtain various reasonable solutions
the problem. Should be taken into account the limitations and restrictions imposed on
final design. The sketches are more useful when drawn to scale, then from them
can be determined relative sizes and tolerances, and by applying geometric
descriptive and analytical drawings , you can find lengths , weights , angles and shapes.
These physical characteristics should be determined in the preliminary stages of design, since
that may affect the final design.
ANALYSIS :
The analysis is part of the design that best understood in the general sense. The
analysis involves the review and evaluation of a design as it relates to human factors,
trade dress , resistance , operation, physical quantities and economy led to
meet design requirements. Much of the formal training of engineer
focus is these areas of study.
In each of the generated solutions is applied to various screens to confirm
comply with the restrictions imposed on the solution as well as other criteria answer.
Those who fail these checks are rejected and only those that are left
somehow could become viable solutions to the problem.
DECISION:
The decision is the stage of the design process in which the project should be accepted or
rejected, in whole or in part. It is possible to develop , refine and analyze various ideas and
each may offer advantages over others, but no project is widely
than others. The decision on which design will be optimal for a need
should be determined by specific technical expertise and real information. There is always
the risk of error in any decision, but a well thought out design studies the problem
such depth that minimizes the possibility of overlooking an important consideration
the case in a makeshift solution .
REALIZATION :
The last step of the designer is to prepare and monitor the plans and specifications
end- which is to build the design. In some cases, the designer also
supervises and inspects the performance of your design. By submitting your design to implementation,
should take into account the details of manufacture, assembly methods , materials
used and other specifications. During this stage , the designer can do
minor changes to improve the design , however , these changes
should be negligible , unless you see an entirely new concept . In this
case, the design process must return to its initial stages so that the new concept
be developed, approved and presented.
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GRECH , Pablo. Introduction to Engineering . An approach through design . Bogotá D.C.
Editorial Prentice Hall. 2002
Shigley , Joseph Edward. Mischke , Charles R. Mechanical Engineering Design . Mc Editorial
Graw Hill. Mexico D.F. 1994.
ORLOV , Engineering Design. Editorial Mir. Moscow. 1985.
Earle , James H. Graphic Design in Engineering. Addison Weslwy – Iberoamericana.
1990.
Sampieri, Roberto Hernández. COLLADO, Carlos Fernandez. LUCIO , Pilar Baptista.
Research Methodology . Mexico D.F. Editorial Mc Graw Hill. 2000.
LEDESMA , Martín Mora. ORTIZ , Patricio Sepulveda. Research Methodology . Mexico
D.F. . Limusa Noriega Editores. 2000.
Sabino , Carlos A. The Research Process . Santa Fe de Bogota D.C. Editorial
Panamericana. 1997.
IEEE Publishing Services Department, ” Preparation of Papers in a two column format for
IEEE publications photo- off set , ” Guidelines for authors of the IEEE. New York. 1983.
IEEE Publishing Services Department, “Information for authors ” , Instructions for authors
IEEE. New York. 1983.
BARAHONA, scientific methodology . Bogotá. Ipler Ed. , 1981.